Unit 4 Development

Unit 4: Development Through the Life Stages P1: Describe physical, intellectual, emotional and social development for each of the life stages of an individual. Through every life stage we experience physical, intellectual and social and emotional development. Physical development is when the appearance of the body changes. Intellectual development is the mental process of knowing, for example problem solving. The social and emotional development is when your emotions, your personality and social interactions begin. Conception is the process described when the penetration of an egg cell by a sperm cell fuses to form the first cell of a new living organism. Conception normally occurs in the fallopian tubes as a result of sexual intercourse. Pregnancy begins when the embryo implants or embeds itself in the living of the uterus wall and develops. An amniotic sac filled with fluid that surrounds the embryo and acts as a shock absorber. A placenta filled with the mother’s blood and through which the embryo obtains nutrients and eliminates waste. The umbilical cord contains the blood vessels that transport nutrients, oxygen and waste products between the embryo and the placenta. The first few weeks of the pregnancy are critical for the embryo and its development can be affected by the health and behaviour of the mother. The next life stage is birth and infancy this is to the age of 3 years. The physical developments throughout this stage are the following. The body doubles in height and quadruples in weight. Motor skills progress from simple reflexes to coordinates motor abilities such as grasping and walking. The child’s sensory and perceptual ability develops rapidly. For example when the baby is 0 to 6 months their short- sightedness reduces and their eyes begin to focus more clearly. Another physical development would the brain responding to stimulation, such as a child copying an adult clapping. The intellectual development in birth and infancy is when basic structure of language is learned through baby talk with adults. This development would usually occur 0 to 6 months. Babies often use crying, cooing and babbling as their first communication. Further language skills are developed by the age of 1, to constructing sentences by the age of 2. Children start to be aware of world progress through immediate sensory motor experiences such as hearing familiar voices and pointing. Lastly children start to think about the concept of objects, for example objects still exist when out of sight and awareness. This development occurs from 6 to 12 months when the child begins to pass objects between hands. It develops further at 18 to 24 months when children can throw a ball and use a crayon. By the end of birth and infancy children can build a tower of bricks and use scissors. The social and emotional developments in birth and infancy are the following. The child’s emotional responses change from basic reactions to more complex. For instance the child may become self-conscious when playing with other children. Independent behaviours increase with parental encouragement around feeding, dressing and toilet training. By the age of 18 to 24 months the child can use a spoon and remove some clothing. The ability to relate to playmates emerges at the end of birth and infancy the child; this shows the child has developed confidence and basic social skills. The fourth life stage is childhood; this is between the ages of 4 to 11 years old. One of the physical developments in the early ages of childhood is the brain; it attains 90% of adult weight by the age of 5 and develops faster than any other body part. Physical strength increase and body proportions become more adult like. Also athletic skills such as running and jumping dramatically improve in the early years of childhood. Fine motor skills involving the use of smaller muscles develop, allowing younger children to handle small objects with more accuracy such as pencils. When a child reaches the middle of its childhood the growth of the brain slows down, this is from the age of 7 to 9. Physical growth also slows but height spurts occur. Expansion of the heart and lung capacities supports more physical endurance such as swimming and football. In late childhood puberty begins with rising hormone levels. This also shows a specific physical change in gender, girls producing breasts and boys testes enlarging. Girls’ growth spurt begins with gains in height, weight and musculature. The intellectual developments for children in their early childhood are the following. Firstly social interactions with parents and play mates allow their knowledge about the world increase. Also language develops rapidly, resulting on average a 14,000 word vocabulary. In the middle stages of childhood a child’s memory capacity expands, as well as the ability to think about thought. As a result of this a child would be able to organise their own learning. In late childhood a child’s logical thought processes to abstract thinking. A child would have many language skills including synonyms, double meanings, metaphors and humour. There are several social and emotional developments that occur in the early stages of childhood. Firstly a child playing alone or with others becomes increasingly complex and imaginative. Also children become aware of gender roles. When children are near to the age of 6, they have the desire for independence and control over environment increases. This makes parent’s supervisory role more challenging. In the middle stages of childhood peer groups become more significant as dependence shifts to friends for help. Children experience loyalty and share mutual interests. The awareness of and involvement in outside world, increases awareness of family, economic and political conditions. In late childhood peer groups often divide into cliques due to many reasons, for example personality, style and beliefs. The awareness of gender stereotypes continues to increase. Issues increase around sibling rivalry and separation from family. The next stage in life is adolescence this is between the ages of 12 to 17 years old. The physical development in early adolescence is the body continues to grow in height and weight. Early adolescence is between the ages of 12 to 15. Another physical development is that girl’s growth spurts peaks while boys typically begin. The physical development in late adolescence which is ages between 16 to 19 years, this is the stage during puberty. This is when there are changes in level of growth and sex hormones which cause the development of sex organs. It also develops sexual characteristics. Females continue the develop breasts, but experience broadening of the hips, onset of menstruation and first ovulation, growth of pubic and armpit hair. Males experience growth of muscles, broadening of the shoulders, growth of the larynx, production of semen and body and pubic hair. Both genders have an increased activity of the sweat gland. One of the intellectual developments in adolescence is having the ability to grasp irony and sarcasm. The ongoing development of vocabulary expands to more abstract words. Also the understanding of complex grammar continues to improve. Lastly thinking becomes more self conscious and critical, this is usually influenced by the media. The ability to cope with new problems and situations is reached by the end of this period. There are many social and emotional developments in adolescence; this is mainly due to hormones. In the early stages of adolescence sexual orientation begins to emerge. This stage in life is where most parent and child conflicts are likely to happen. Also peer pressure is likely to increase at this stage. This is because children are getting to the age where they want to try new things out like alcohol, smoking and shoplifting. In late adolescence sexual orientation continues to develop, whereas cliques decline in importance. The process of developing and maintaining intimate relationships begin. At this stage your identity is greatly influenced by personal factors, including family and peer relationships, economic and political circumstances. Near the end of adolescence you are introduced to the world of work and career planning. Adulthood is between the ages of 18 to 65 years. The physical functioning increases through the 20’s and peaks around the age of 30, but can be maintained through exercise. In early adulthood, 20 to 40 years of age there is a gradual increase in weight and body fat and a decrease in lean muscle mass. The efficiency of many organ systems begins to diminish at the rate of 1% a year. Sexual responsiveness remains high throughout this period, although some men start to slow down. Physical appearance changes by developing grey hair and wrinkles towards the end of early adulthood, this continues into the middle stages of adulthood. When aged 40 to 65 years, health and potential onset diseases affected by preventive behaviour could appear. For example smokers could suffer from lung cancer. Also in this life stage gradual changes in hearing and vision will occur. Another main development in this life stage is menopause begins in women. In early adulthood the intellectual development of vocabulary and knowledge continues to grow through work interactions and every day problem solving. Wisdom begins to develop in early adulthood. In the middle of Adulthood reaction time and mental processing slows down due to old age. Another development in this life stage is short and long term memory remains relatively stable. The social and emotional developments in early adulthood are the following. Firstly the need of achievement is often met through satisfactory of work. Secondly friendships become particularly important for people who are single. Also personalities are most likely to change up to the age of 30, with additional maturation continuing into the 40’s. In the middle of Adulthood this is where it’s most likely for a mid life crisis, this is due to self confidence and their relationship with the world. This stage in life will often experience facing age discrimination. However this time of your life could experience the greatest productivity at work. The last stage of life is older adulthood this from the age of 65 and onwards. The physical development of this life stage is when the brain becomes smaller and functions more slowly. The body will weaken and this will affect organs and major body systems. A lot of older people suffer from arthritis because of muscle strength which causes stiffness of joints. In older adulthood short term memory may decline, but active exercise of mental abilities helps to maintain functioning. Intellectual developments in older adulthood include the decline of language abilities. In this stage of life there is a decrease in drivers due to the speed of processing information. Another development is the ability to receive information, organise and interpret it declines. There are also social and emotional developments for the older adulthood. For example the retirement experience is shaped by social class and gender factors, including income, health and amount of previous planning. In this stage of life human beings have a sense of well being which tends to be higher than all previous periods. Also a lot of older adults are extremely satisfied with life, this is usually dependent on family involvement.

Sociology 101 Study Guide Exam 4

Deviance 1) defining deviance is difficult and subjective (sociologists don’t agree). 2) for our purpose deviance must A) violate significant norms. B) Result in negative evaluation for reaction. 1) Conflict theory. – stress that the power elite uses the legal system to control worker and to stabilize the social order, all with the goal of keeping itself in power. The poor pose a threat, for if they rebel as a group they can dislodge members of the power elite from their place of privilege. To prevent this, the power elite makes certain that heavy penalties come down on those who’s crimes could upset the social order. 2) Functional theory- Argue that crime is a natural part of society. Stress that the sociall classes differ in opportunities for income and education, so they differ in opportunities for crime. As a result, street crime is higher among the lower social classes and white-collar crime is higher among the higher social classes. The growing crime rates of women illustrate how changing gender roles have given women more access to what sociologist call â€Å"illegitimate opportunities. † 3) Social foundations- Labeling Theory-questions who applies what label to whom, why they do this, and what happens as a result of this labeling.The significance of reputations, how they help set us on paths that propel us into deviance or that diver us away from it. Anomie Theory-concept developed by Emile Durkheim to describe an absence of clear societal norms and values. In the concept of anomie individuals lack a sense of social regulation: people feel unguided in the choices they have to make.Differential Association-a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior (how people learn to become criminals).Crime 1). Elements – 2). Categories- Mental illness 1) Dr. Thomas Szasz – mental illness are neither mental nor illness. They are simply problem behaviors.2) Rosenhahn study-A study done proving â€Å"it is clear that we cannot distinguish th e sane from the insane in psychiatric labels might be a solution and recommended education to make psychiatric workers more aware of the social psychology of their facilities. In this study 8 â€Å"mentally healthy† people took hallucinations attempting to gain admission to 12 different psychiatric hospitals in five different states. All were admitted and diagnosed with psychiatric disorders.After admission they acted normal again and told staff they felt fine, all were forced to admit to having t a mental illness and agree to take antipsychotic drugs as a condition of their release. All but one was diagnosed with schizophrenia. The second part of his study involved an offended hospital challenging Rosenhan to send pseudopatients to its facility, which its staff would then detect. Rosenhan agreed and in the following weeks out of 193 new patients the staff identified 41 as potential pseudopatients, with 19 of these receiving suspicion from at least 1 psychiatrist and 1 other staff member.In fact Rosenhan had sent no one to the hospital Substance Abuse1) Types of drug use-2) Social policy-3) Conflict view-Individuals and groups in society struggle to maximize their share of the limited resources that exist and are desired by humans. Given that there are limited resources, the struggle inevitably leads to conflict and competition. These struggles can lead to changes in institutions and societies as different groups come into power. Social control- The techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.1) Formal- Expressed though law as statues, rules and regulations against deviant behavior. Usually carried out by those in a position of power and/or authority such as a police officer, judge, or principal of a school.2) Informal- Denominates customs, traditions, norms and other social values inherited by the individual. Informal sanctions may include ridicule, sarcasm, criticism and disapproval. In extreme cases sanctions may in clude social discrimination and exclusion. Prejudice- An attitude or prejudging, usually in a negative way.Discrimination1) Individual- Treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person based on the race, class, group, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on the individual.2) Institutional- The unfair, indirect treatment of an individual embedding in the operating procedures, policies, laws, or objectives of large organizations. Can occur without conscious cause, is often subtle and nearly invisible, reinforced by the interrelationship of social institutions.Example- jobs not hiring people under the height of 5’4† which eliminates most Mexicans and women, or in other countries women aren’t allowed to participate in some religious activities or government. Post-Industrial Society- Society based on information, services, and high technology, rather than on raw materials and manufacturing.Economic System s1) Capitalism-An economic system characterized by the private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition.2) Socialism-An economic system characterized b the public ownership of the means of production, central planning, and the distribution o goods without a profit motive. Genocide- The attempt to destroy a group of people because of their presumed race or ethnicity (ethnic cleansing). Minority-People who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination. Plessey vs Ferguson- Decision by the US Supreme Court that confirmed the principle of â€Å"separate but equal† and minority segregation.Brown vs Board of Education-This case took on segregation within school systems, or the separation of white and black students within public schools. Up until this case, many stats had laws establishing separate schools for white students and another for blacks. This landmark case made those laws unconstitutional. This case set the foundations for the civil rights movement. Exploitation Theory- occurs when one social group is able to take for itself what is produced by another group.The concept is central to the idea of social oppression, especially from a Marxist perspective, and can also include noneconomic forms, such as he sexual exploitation of women by men under patriarchy. Amalgamation-(melting pot) all groups should combine their traditions calues and characteristics with one another to create a new group. Assimilation-The loss of a subaltern group’s native language and culture under pressure to assimilate to those of a dominant cultural group.Contact Hypothesis-This is the principle that brings people together who are in conflict (or where one is bullying the other), the conflict will subside as they get to understand one another.Power1) Authority-Power that people consider legitimate, as rightly exercised over them; also called legitimate power.2) Tradition al-Those who exercise authority do so because they continue a tradition and support the preservation and continuation of existing values and social ties. For example Queen is Head of States in Britain, a position she inherited on the basis of traditional rules of succession for the monarchy.3) Rational Legal- Those in authority give orders (and expect to be obeyed) because the office they fill gives them the right to give orders. Anyone who fills the same position has the right to issue orders. Orders are only to be obeyed if they are relevant to the situation in which they are given. Example, a teacher orders â€Å"complete your homework by Thursday† the order is expected to be obeyed, but if the same teacher asked the student to go get her milk from the store, they wouldn’t be expected to obey.4) Charismatic-People obey because of the personal qualities of the person doing the telling. Well-known charismatic figures include Jesus Christ, Hitler, and Chairman Mao. How ever, charismatic figures may arise in any social grouping and such people assume positions of authority over others on the basis of personal qualities of leadership b other group members.5) Coercive-People forced to do as they are told under threat of punishment. For example a prison or a school classroom.6) Renumerative-Power rest on the material means provided by money or some other reward which the members desire and the organization controls. Government-Political authority; a group of people who have the power to make and enforce laws for a country or area.1) Monarchy-A state or nation in which the supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in monarch. The head of state is often for life or until abdication.2) Democracy-Have the consent of the people. The officials xercising power have legitimate authority because they have been elected, and the mechanism for changing the government is through peaceful and regular elections.3) Oligarchy-Political power effectively rest with a small, elitre segment of society. Greek for â€Å" few rule†4) Totalitarianism-The state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private behavior.5) Dictatorship-A government headed by a dictator or more generally any authoritarian or totalitarian government. Power Elite-C. Wright Mill’s term for the top people in U. S. corporations, military, and political who make the nation’s major decisions. Types of Work-

Migrations CCOT Essay

From 1700 to 1900 the migrations of people from Europe and Africa to the US grew and then receded due to the limits the U.S. put on immigrants.At the beginning of the period, Europeans stuck to their side of the ocean. However, When the Irish potato famine struck in 1845 however, there was a mass exodus of irish people in search of a steady source of food and a new life. In the beginning on the African side of things, there was a mass movement of africans to the US due to the slave trade but by the end of the period the slave trade was outlawed so there was a mass migration of Africans who migrated as indentured servants to find a better life. During the 18th century, there was much migration in between the thirteen colonies, Europe and Africa. In the 18th century, the slave trade was in full swing. People from the colonies and Europe were buying slaves very frequently. There were many slave markets and any child born to a slave also became a slave. Millions of Africans were shipped across the Atlantic Ocean. During this time, although people went from Europe to the colonies, it was only to strengthen the colonies themselves. During the 19th century, the migration patterns changed. In 1845 the Irish potato famine made 250 thousand people migrate from their homes. The country had no food and was riddled with disease so the Irish people came to the U.S. to try to start a new life for themselves. In addition to this, people from Europe came to the U.S. as indentured servants to have a better life. In Africa, by 1807 the slave trade had been abolished.

Moksha and Salvation

Since the fall of man and the manifestation of sin, a wedge was placed between God and man. Man has strived to establish a reconnection with God through a variety of sources. Salvation is the source or bridge that connects man to God. Every religion has its own philosophy concerning the path of salvation. â€Å"The goal of most Indian religions is to break the cycle of karma and samsara and be free from the burden of life. This breaking of life is called Moksha† (Hopfe & Woodard, 2009, [pg. 85]). Moksha is the Hindu term used which liberates the soul from karma . This liberation can be experienced through death or while one is yet living. In observing the Hindu concept of salvation in comparison to Christianity, there are some similarities as well as differences. It is the Hindu belief that salvation, referred to as Moksha â€Å"can be obtained through three paths: knowledge (inana), devotion (bhakti), ritual works or karma† (McDowell & Stewart, 2006). These are the three concepts that illustrate the differences and similarities in both religions of how salvation can be attained. In observing the similarities, the first similarity is the theory that salvation can be attained through knowledge. This type of knowledge is spiritual. In Hinduism it is believed that â€Å"Humans basic problem is not wickedness but ignorance. People are ignorant about the true nature of reality and believe that they are separated from Brahman† (Hope& Woodard, 2009, [pg. 105]). In the Hindu society, it is only when Moksha is obtained that one is able to see life from a clear perspective. According to Upanishads, â€Å"When true knowledge of the illusion of life is realized, one can be freed from the bondage of life and achieve unity with Brahman† (Hope& Woodard, 2009, [pg. 89]). In contrast, in Christianity Satan is referred to as a liar and a deceiver. It is his duty to distort the minds of God’s children and cause them to lose focus of their divine purpose on the earth. He creates the illusion that that there is no Hell and neither is there a God. Thus, many of God’s people continue to live destructive lifestyles as if they will live forever. The second similarity that both Christianity and Hinduism share is the belief that its liberation cannot be found in earthly things. Believers of both religions are challenged to disregard earthly things and esteem heavenly things. In a world that is so full of hate, suffering, misfortune and tragedy; people are on desperately searching to fill some type of void. From a Hindu perspective, â€Å"Humans do not recognize the Brahman but instead try to cling to the objects of life-which are like mirages-they keep slipping away from our grasp† (Hopfe &Woodard, 2009, [pg. 05]. Many Christians find themselves plagued with the same problem; they begin to chase after the things of the world rather than the things of God. Concerning material things Griffiths states, â€Å"There are four ends of life, pleasure (kama), wealth (artha), duty (dharma) and liberation. The modern world recognized the first three but has lost sight of the last, yet without this goal of final liberation, of ultimate transcendence, all the other goals lead to frustration. †¦. (Griffiths, 1982, pg. [66]). It is only when one comes to the realization that the world and all it has to offer is temporary, and can’t bring true fulfillment; will they then center their priorities on things eternal. Though the similarities of salvation are quite similar, when comparing both religions; there are also some major differences. One of the major differences between how both religions perceive salvation is that Hinduism teaches that salvation must be earned. The theory â€Å"what goes around, comes around is what the religion is centered around. Through karma, or doing good things; one can either gain salvation or escape reincarnation. However, Christianity teaches that all of our works are just like filthy rags. In Christianity it is taught that salvation is given through grace. Ephesians 2: 8-9 says, â€Å"For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith-and not this from yourselves, it is the gift of God- not by works, so that no one can boast† (NIV, 2007, Ephesians 2:8-9). The most profound difference is that that Hinduism recognizes no single path to gaining salvation As stated previously, â€Å"Moksha can be obtained through three paths: knowledge (inana), devotion (bhakti), ritual works or karma (McDowell & Stewart, 2006). Another method of attaining freedom is through the exercise of Yoga. Through various Yoga exercises one seeks to connect with Brahman. In contrast, the path to salvation in Christianity requires one simple confession; this confession is found in Romans 10:9: â€Å"That if you confess ith your mouth â€Å"Jesus is Lord† and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved† (NIV, 2007, Romans 10:9). Jesus Christ is the way to salvation none can attain it any other way, for He said, â€Å"I am the way, the truth and the life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (NIV, 2007, John 14:6). In summary, the path to salvation is sought in various ways through both Hinduism and Christianity. Each individual in these religio ns are in search for something that they realize the world can’t offer. It is only when one understands this simple concept that the path to freedom begins.

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Kareem Canty    Introduction The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) is an agency within the United States Department of Justice. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives protects American citizens from dangerous and illegal activities involving, as its name suggest, alcohol, tobacco, firearms and explosives.â€Å" The mission of The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives is to conduct criminal investigations, regulate the firearms and explosives industries, and assist other law enforcement agencies. This work is undertaken to prevent terrorism, reduce violent crime and to protect the public in a manner that is faithful to the Constitution and the laws of the United States (The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives). Though The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives is a law enforcement agency one of the primary responsibilities is tax collection. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives i s responsible for taxes on alcohol, tobacco, ammunition, and firearms. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives is an important agency protecting Americans. History of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives has been the sole agency responsible for regulation and taxation of the above mention categories since July 1 st 1972. However, some of the duties of The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives have existed in some form in the United States since 1789. Initially, these activities were performed by the Department of Treasury. On July 1 st 1862, the Office of Internal Revenue was founded. This new agency was now responsible for all taxes, including those on alcohol and tobacco. The Office of Internal Revenue included enforcement agents to pursue those who evaded taxes. In 1919, the Volstead Prohibition Enforcement Act and the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution made it illegal to produce or transport alcohol. Enforcement of these policies fell on the Office of Internal Revenue. In 1920, the Prohibition Unit was created. This agency was made up of the agents focusing on liquor laws. On April 1 st , 1927 the Prohibition Unit officially became a bureau under the Treasury Department. Congress established a new Bureau of Prohibition under the Department of Justice in 1930. This new bureau was now responsible for enforcing Prohibition. Then, the Treasury Department was still responsible for the tax and regulations associated with Prohibition, under the new Bureau of Industrial Alcohol. In December 1933, the Twenty First Amendment to the Constitution ended Prohibition. Shortly after, President Roosevelt created, via executive order, the Federal Alcohol Control Administration to regulate the newly legal industry. This agency was replaced in less than two years by the Federal Alcohol Administration (FAA). The FAA was founded as part of the Treasury Department, wh o was again responsible for supervising the alcohol industry. In 1934 the Alcohol Tax Unit was founded as part of the Bureau Of Internal Revenue. The FAA combined with the Alcohol Tax Unit. Prohibition, though over, resulted in a lasting culture of organized crime. Due to the violence resulting from organized crime, the National Firearms Act was passed in 1934 and the Federal Firearms Act passed in 1938. These Acts regulated firearms, largely via taxes. In 1942, the enforcement capacity of firearm regulation was entrusted to the Alcohol Tax Unit. Around this time, the ATU became known as the Alcohol Tax Division until the 1968 Gun Control Act. With this act, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives was now responsible for additional substances, including explosives. In July 1972, the Treasury Department Order NO.120-1 officially shifted all activities involving alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and explosives from the Internal Revenue Services to the Bureau of Alcohol, Toba cco, Firearms and Explosives After over one hundred years of restructuring, The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives has finally achieved stability in its structure and its duties. One major change the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives has undergone was its adoption of anti- arson enforcement. In 1982, congress amended the original legislation that outlines the duties of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives to include arson. Since the 1970s the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives has grown both its budget and its staff. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives has added over a thousand employee positions. Since 1973, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives budget has increased from $74 million to $1.07 billion (The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives).

Biochemistry of Nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Biochemistry of Nutrition - Essay Example iet enhances the potential for weight loss, and the addition of protein and fat rich foods reduce hunger in an individual, thereby enhancing health and well-being. Reduced intake of carbohydrates will cause the human body to burn up stored fat for energy purposes, leading to reduction fat and weight (Hensley, 18). In my opinion, Atkins diet which is promoted as a high protein diet is really high in fat intake, with fat intake in the diet constituting almost 60% of the daily kcal. Thus means that the fat intake, including saturated fats, is nearly four times the recommended daily intake levels recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA). The Atkins diet which is promoted as a means to reduce weight and enhance health and well-being is not true, as it raises the risk for coronary artery disease (CAD), because of the high levels of fat intake. Studies that have found evidence in support of weight loss suffer from the reliability issues in terms of the high levels of dropouts, raising question marks on the findings of these studies (Kappagoda & Hyson,

Trust and Household Finance Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Trust and Household Finance - Term Paper Example Research has it that the enhancing of individual trust to the right amount can improve the well-being of household finance. 1.0 Introduction Recent statistics have brought it to light that more than a third of the American adults who are approaching their 50’s have no retirement plan. They have also shown that more than half of the households in the country do not own any stock. It is very important to know the determinants of decisions in household finance. This is essential in the management of debt. This paper shows that trust is a major factor that affects the management of household finance. Trust is the fundamental confidence that is found in an individual towards others in return for something that was promised. A casual impact on trust is inflicted by an individual’s cultural background and early life experiences on the value of the trust. A trusting individual is many times more likely to put up investment in the financial markets in the belief that they will o btain a fair return on investment, and this encourages the individual to invest. Trust should thus promote investments. Trust also promotes responsible borrowing since when an individual is trusting then he or she is also taken to be trustworthy. Trusting individuals are thus expected to make more real and financial investments, they are also expected to comply with the financial contracts that they enter and avoid on taking excess debts. Because of this, an individual will save more and have better management of debt and their net worth will increase. Negative financial outcomes can greatly affect an individual’s level of trust. Trust has dynamic dimensions that arise from cultural influences and experiences in life. The extent, to which an individual trusts another, embodies in the core values that are inherited from family, religion, cultural and ethnic backgrounds, and are influenced by the individual’s life experiences and the characteristics of the community memb ers whom the individual interacts with in life. This are called the non-economic factors of trust. Prior literature has had it that these non-economic aspects of trust play major roles in financial decision making, in households. 2.0 Motivation and Hypotheses 2.1 Trust and Economic and Financial Decisions: Individual Level Evidence Research has shown that trust has appositive effect on the aggregate political and economic phenomena. It has shown that a higher level of trust in a region or nation is correlated with more economic investments and growth, less corruption and higher tax compliance among many other issues. Few studies have been carried out on the effect that trust has on the outcomes of the economy at the individual level (Jiang & Lim 1). Though these studies show that trust has a positive effect on the monetary and economic well-being of an individual, they fail to offer a comprehensive analysis of the effect that trust has on household finance. None of these studies ana lyzes the effect of trust on debt management (Jiang & Lim 8). 2.2 Hypothesis Development Trust is very likely to play a role in economic activities where transactions take place over a given period and an individual need to rely on the future and the observable actions of other people, such as their saving and investment decisions (Jiang & Lim 2012). Prior studies have shown that individuals who have the aspect of trust participate more in the