Chinese Business Markets Experts and Economists

Question: What lawful and administrative issues does an outside organization need to consider before working together in China? Answer: Presentation China, which is the most populated nation on the planet, has been bounced back with stagnation and again creating at a fast rate. As the local utilization in the nation is expanding intensely, markets specialists and business analysts accept that the nation has a capacity of tremendous development in its market throughout the following decade. It has been seen that there is a developing pattern of development to china by little and medium-extended organizations principally in the Midwest. However, the nation is as often as possible called or requested its legitimate inquiries that emerge at the hour of working together in the nation by a remote organization. This article will diagram the lawful and administrative that an outside speculator needs to confront while working together in China. It will likewise address the effect of Chinese culture on the business condition of the nation alongside the term New Normal in the nation with the assistance of suitable models. The investigation additionally shows the correlation between the states possessed undertakings and Foreign Invested Enterprise and their effects on the business sectors of the predefined nation. It will likewise feature the jobs and destinations of SASAC. Chinese Culture and its Impact on the Business Environment The quickly developing business aftereffect of the nation has pulled in the worldwide enthusiasm for the interest in the nation. China has recently passed the US as the universes biggest economy as far as size. The vital consequence of the business exchange of the nation with little and medium size enterprises has invigorated tremendous amounts of the association of Multinational organizations of remote with the Chinese. The significant explanation behind the contrasts between the Chinese business and the West is of the various social and moral qualities that they hold, for the most part plunging from the way of life of Confucianism and Taoism[1]. The conduct characters have affected the nation and its general public that is driven for the most part by the blends of Buddhism, Taoism, and for the most part Confucianism. The Chinese societies holds these customary components as well as impacted by different components that are joined with the Communist belief system and western culture and qualities. Every one of these components despite everything decide the state of the business culture inside China today. Confucianism, which is the significant custom in the nation, had assumed an important job inside the business condition of the nation. The perspectives of the individuals in the nation contrast because of the nearby culture and its ethnicity.[2] The preeminent explanation because of which China sticks out, specifically, is its disparities in the independence as well as cooperation. It has been demonstrated that the predefined nation has been affected by the Confucian qualities and in which, the specific business morals is pr edominantly impacted by this worth. Understanding Confucian qualities can delineate the effects of connections inside Chinese business. The establishments of this worth point in accomplishing harmony and coordination inside the general public. The standards of Confucianism are established in a hierarchal framework where people demonstrate regard to their seniors, who thusly gives insurance and care to them. Confucian qualities are liable for overseeing the relational abilities and relations inside the cutting edge China.[3] People in china have solid degrees of trust to their seniors loved ones however have little confidence on outcasts. Chinese individuals are additionally reluctant in taking any choices alone. They generally have dread in settling on choices without having the approval from the position. There is an absence of initiative quality in the individuals and consistently needs to work in gathering or group. The two most significant morals of Confucianism are Ren and Li, which are constantly considered as its foundation. Ren is alluded to kind, liberality, keen and selfness. Then again, Li instructs to be gracious and aware to old and to the family.[4] The Term New Normal New Normal in the feeling of Business and financial aspects is alluded to the money related condition that occurred in the monetary emergency of 2007-2008. It likewise followed in the worldwide downturn of 2008-2012. This term has been utilized after that. Chinas new ordinary is the sharp log jam that is going on in the development and conceivable crash.[5] It caused testiness among the authoritative of China when it was communicated. After the worldwide money related emergency in the year 2008, the nation turns out to be truly reliant on the speculations that are obligation full. Authoritative and the financial experts perceive that is the nation keep on contributing at a significant pace of half which are causing them obligations at a yearly pace of 15% of GDP, the nation will seriously confront lamentable accident like Japan in 1990. Subsequently the new financial hypothesis that is creating over the nation is to hinder the development rate and it is easing back down as there must be remaking and rebalancing of the economy. There ought to likewise be an eased back procedure in the spending of the clients and mechanical development. The budgetary and prudent state of the nation is presently changing in accordance with new typical subsequent to experiencing serious money related torment. The Country had an extraordinary development in GDP from 2002 to 2008. This shocking development was eased back down between years 2008-2014 up to 8% to 9% every year. What's more, presently it has reached to a degree of 6-7%. This more slow development rate marked that the nation has effectively passed the startup age and now heading towards matureness.[6] As the economies of the nations develop and create in size, the GDP rate step by step diminishes, and for representation, the GDP pace of US is around 2.2% and of UK it is around 1.6%. How Wal-Mart Failed in Doing Business in China It had become a demonstrated certainty that some acclaimed and global brands of the West neglects to accomplish their ideal goals in the developing business sector of China. The significant explanation behind this is the thing that works in the West can't be straightforwardly applied to Chinese people.[7] This is the significant purpose behind which, the universes biggest retailer organization, the Wal-Mart, never accomplishment in the nation. The organization, in the wake of working over 15 years, just figured out how to get 405 stores. The administration needed to confront troublesome circumstances as the purchasing conduct of the Chinese individuals isn't generally cost driven. Individuals were more pulled in towards the custom fitted made items and conditions that mirror their neighborhood inclinations. The organization likewise flops in understanding the plan of action of the nation and its kin inclinations. As Wal-Mart gets worldwide acknowledgment for its modest and reasonable items, Chinese individuals named these items as modest and perilous for them.[8] Citizens are more worried about the quality instead of costs. Another factor that was not for Wal-Mart is the full scale Environmental Environment of the nation. The organization had put resources into the nation when it was having extraordinary development in its GDP. Furthermore, as the countrys GDP has eased back down, remote financial specialists are likewise confronting its results. Likewise, the predetermined organization was enhancing store efficiency to meet the inclinations of the nearby market for the residents as opposed to improving the nature of their items and administrations. Outside organizations are confronting extreme issue in directing business in the nation as a result of the proposed Chineses corporate laws. One of the premier issue that organizations need to confront is the conduction of due constancy. The market of the separate country is constantly named as a spot where the typical business hypothesis wouldnt apply. Other issue that most remote organization faces is that the gatherings never completely comprehend the needs of the organization. The nation has various laws for the direction of remote venture, regardless of whether its entire claimed auxiliary or an association business with a nearby company.[9] Foreign organizations need to figure out how to manage all the corporate difficulties, and the ways shouldnt be unseemly. They ought to likewise invest some energy to completely comprehend what their objectives ought to be in the nation and how they will accomplish it. SOEs (State Owned Enterprises) and FIEs (Foreign Invested Enterprise) For western associations, working together in China needs cautious assessment of the social contrasts between the two. Here is the examination between the state-possessed ventures and Foreign Invested Enterprises and their persuasions in the Chinese Market. State Owned Enterprises State-claimed organizations of the nation are unequivocally connected up with the political variables of the nation. These ventures are not performing admirably and bringing about giving a less result of 52 percent.[10] These endeavors speak to a gigantic segment of the economy and as of late, it has commanded just like the world biggest IPO. They have performed well in fulfilling the social destinations that capacity as per the guidelines of the administration. Remote Invested Enterprise Remote Invested ventures are confronting a predicament in making their image picture to the residents. They are bombing as the decision of the individuals in China is not at all like the western nations. It has additionally bombed in pulling in the clients by giving any persuasive things. These undertakings are likewise confronting issues in the nation, as the GDP development is falling every year. SASAC (China's State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission), what are their Roles and Objectives? SASAC is approved by the Council of State as per the Company Law of the Peoples Republic of China and furthermore based on other managerial guidelines. Chinas State-possessed Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council plays significant duties of financial specialists and simultaneously regulates the state-claimed resources of the association inside the administration of the Chinas Central Authority alongside this it additionally expands the oversight of the state-possessed assets.[11]

Hammurabis Code of Laws Essay -- essays research papers

     Hammurabi was the 6th ruler of the first Amorite line of Babylon. He as far as anyone knows managed from 1792-1750 BC. During his standard, he composed a code of law, which was the first to be interpreted from cuneiform. The code was composed on a few stone tablets so all individuals could see them. It had a preamble, an epilog, and 282 articles, and included rights for ladies, despite the fact that they didn’t have the same number of rights as men did.      Hammurabi’s code depended on the expression ‘an eye for an eye’. This implies the revenge for the wrongdoing would generally fit the seriousness of the wrongdoing. For instance, on the off chance that somebody jabbed someone’s eye out, somebody would jab that someone’s eye out. I think this is reasonable on the grounds that it doesn’t bode well some other way. For example, on the off chance that one was imprisoned ten years for a minor robbery (a handbag, a bicycle, and so forth.) and another person was imprisoned ten years for a significant burglary (burglarizing the bank, taking an important work of art, and so forth.), that wouldn’t be sensible. In Hammurabi’s ‘an eye for an eye’ hypothesis, all the disciplines are equivalent to the wrongdoing, which is functional. A large portion of his laws depend on this.      In Hammurabi’s code, there were various fines for violations on specific classes of individuals. For example, on the off chance that one freeborn man were to hit another freeborn man or somebody of equivalent position, the primary freeborn man would need to pay one gold mina in gold. Notwithstanding, if a liberated man were to hit another liberated man, the...

Your Five Most Precious Resources

Your Five Most Precious Resources A simple life involves, perhaps above anything else, the deliberate use of resources. To inspire you in that effort, we fashioned a handy acronym to help you identify and budget your most precious resources: S.T.E.A.M. Skills. You may possess certain inborn talentsâ€"hulking strength, graceful agility, a beautiful voiceâ€"but your talent is blunted if you dont develop it into useful skills. To get good at anythingâ€"to create something significantâ€"requires competence, which is developed slowly, day after day, with rigor, drudgery, and practice, until eventually youve whetted a skill. Sure, your innate talent might make it easier to sharpen your skills, but the work is still required. Hard work. Time. Its striking that well refuse to pay a few bucks to listen to a podcast, but well hand over countless hours of our day, willy-nilly, to anyone who provides us with free content. But, of course, free isnt actually free if youre spending your time. Theres no refund on time spent poorlyâ€"so spend time wisely. Energy. We often live our lives as if were a deflating balloon, bouncing aimlessly from our inboxes to our television sets to our social-media profiles, allowing other peoples priorities to dictate our actions. It feels productive to be busy, but meaningful tasks rarely reside on our to-do list. If we focus our energy wisely, though, then we can float purposefully through life. Otherwise, were just deflating. Attention. In a world filled with glowing screens, pop-up ads, and multi-platform media, everyone is vying for access to our ever-contracting attention spans. Advertisers have figured out that the shortest route to your checking account is via your attention, so theyll do almost anything to grab it. Perhaps, however, these corporations are reckless with our attention because we are so careless with it ourselves. If we want to live deliberately, we mustnt squander our mindshare on every interruption. Its best to unsubscribe, mute, and walk away from anything thats not adding value to our lives. Money. Although we often think of money as the ultimate resource, it is the least important of the five herein. Money wont necessarily improve your life, but it will amplify your existing behaviors. If you have bad habits, then more money will make your life considerably worse. And if youre already a generous person, then more money can help you be more loving, caring, and considerate. P.S. Yes, you could rejigger our acronym as M.E.A.T.S., which would be funnier and perhaps more memorable, but lets avoid putting money first. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

United States Department Of The National Coordinator For...

Introduction â€Å"Go Paperless and Get Paid† is how the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) presents the incentives for electronic health records. The United States Department of Health and Human Services (U.S. Department of HHS) distributed more than $160 billion dollars to â€Å"improve and preserve health care, health information technology, community health, and prevention initiatives† (United States Department of Health and Human Services [HHS], 2014e). Likewise, the ONC offers â€Å"Health IT Adoption Programs† through the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, seeking to advance the American health care delivery system and to improve patient care through an unique investment towards health information technology (HHS, 2014d). Additionally, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 allows the Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services (CMS) to reward eligible hospitals and professionals with monetary incentives as they implement, adopt, or upgrade and demonstrate meaningful use of certified electronic health record (EHR) technology (HHS, 2014b). The Electronic Health Records Improvement Act (H.R. 1331) introduced by the United States House of Representative Diane Black is a bill to further improve the nation’s health care adoption of health information technology. Background and Health Care Impact Health Information Technology is currently an important topic of interest for the United States’Show MoreRelatedHealthcare Ecosystems1442 Words   |  6 Pages1. State Health Information Exchange Cooperative Agreement Program The State HIE program falls under The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, and funds the implementation and creation of statewide health information exchange. States can work independently to complete the task, or they can combine their finances and work together on a multi-state program. The awardees have the important job of creating and putting into action a State plan that makes sureRead MoreEssay On Health Informatic904 Words   |  4 PagesCurrent state and policy initiative Health informatic may be the newest topic on the federal healthcare agenda. Several bills dealing with health information technology or areas of health care that may benefit from the use of technology have been brought before Congress, where they have drawn bipartisan support. President Bush has been a strong advocate of increasing the availability of Health Information Technology. Former President George W. Bush signed an executive order in 2004, founding theRead MoreHealth Policy and The Federal Government Essay examples1238 Words   |  5 PagesOur health care system is currently undergoing a much needed reform. We all too often hear about the uninsured and underinsured, how many millions of Americans are going without. What we do not hear about is how implementing new Health IT strategies we will help reform the health care system as well. We are all aware of the governments current financial situation but we cannot get anywhere without spending first. What are some of the major milestones in the development and advancement of HealthRead MoreImproving Throughput Using Electronic Prescribing1034 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout this report, the interoperability and communication between departments will be discussed in detail, in order to improve throughput using the current software system, Epic in this case. The goal is optimal patient outcomes using electronic prescribing. A solution will be reviewed utilizing Epic, a standard electronic health record (EHR) involving the HL7 initiatives. The Problem The problem is fragmented electronic health records (EHRs) that lack communication and availability. InteroperabilityRead MoreRedefining the Roles of Health Information Management Professionals in Health Information Technology4427 Words   |  18 PagesRedefining the Roles of Health Information Management Professionals in Health Information Technology by Xiaoming Zeng, MD, PhD; Rebecca Reynolds, EdD, RHIA; and Marcia Sharp, MBA, RHIA Health information technology (HIT) is being sought as one of the key elements to streamline the process of providing healthcare to improve quality and harness cost. It is hoped that HIT will lead to a more cost-efficient healthcare system than the current one. Surprisingly, there is no agreed definitionRead MoreInternational Business Programs Case Study834 Words   |  4 Pagesprogram specialist in the international leadership and training center, Kelly Cabrera, a coordinator in the international leadership and training center, and Doctor Yuan Helen Zhuang, a language specialist. Each staff and faculty, were trained to help students learn about their program. International Business Program is offered through the Magellan Exchange and the IBP. Students will have advantages to pay Missouri State tuition and apply their financial aid, just like if they were taking classes on campusRead MoreInformatics Specialty Essay1595 Words   |  7 PagesInformatics June 20, 2012 Informatics Specialty Area and Interoperability As the implementation of electronic health records (EHR) progress nationwide, the concepts of interoperability and health information exchange (HIE) must be discussed. The Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (2005, p. 2) define interoperability as â€Å"the ability of health information systems to work together within and across organizational boundaries in order to advance the effective delivery of healthcareRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security844 Words   |  4 Pages Recommendations: The Department of Homeland Security do have grants available for its programs, however there is a need to know where the grants need to be channel to, for better productivity. As recommendation, there is a need to continue encouraging forums where intergovernmental agencies and the citizens can frequently have an open discussion such as media chats and possible quarterly live Television programs, there should be a day or a week in the year dedicated to Human Trafficking. Also aRead MoreOffice Of The Secretary Of Transportation987 Words   |  4 PagesOrganization Structure Office of the Secretary Leadership of the Department of transportation is provided by the Secretary of Transportation, who is the chief advisor to the president in all matters relating to federal transportation programs. The secretary is assisted by the Deputy Secretary in this role. This office manages the formulation of national transportation policy and helps promote intermodal transportation. This office also negotiates and implements international transportation agreementsRead MoreListening About Electronic Health Records1577 Words   |  7 Pagestalk about Electronic Health Records (EHRs). Throughout the paper, I will state the EHR mandate, who started it and when, its goals and objectives. I will explain how is the Affordable Care Act (ACA) connected to the EHR. Furthermore, I will describe my facility’s plan and meaningful use. Finally, I will define Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) laws and what is being done by my facility to prevent HIPAA violation. Description of the Electronic Health Record EHRs are computerized

Give an Example of an Asset That Is Not Recorded on a...

Word Count: 990 Give an example of an asset that is not recorded on a balance sheet, and critically evaluate why it is not, before developing an argument for the inclusion of the asset. Whether or not certain assets and liabilities should be placed on a balance sheet is a much talked about subject. The accounting equation, Assets – Liabilities = Ownership Interest, represents the balance sheet; which is produced each year in a Public Limited Company’s financial statement; which can be viewed by the public. I will use this essay to discuss why the asset of a ‘home-grown’ football player, a player who signs as a trainee with a professional club under the age of 16, is not included in the balance sheet of the company. According to†¦show more content†¦This topic has been thoroughly assessed to try and include such an asset on a balance sheet of a football club. A University of Leeds lecturer, Dr. Gerrard carried out some academic research into the topic and created a formula which ‘takes into account players ages, experience, international recognition, goal-scoring ability and the size and status of the club’ (University of Leeds, 2002) to try and enable the players’ skill to be seen on a balance sheet. This is also very important to a club, as they want to show all of their assets to potential investors; in a time where more and more clubs are falling into administration. In my opinion, the players of a football club are its biggest asset. The consumers of the service provided by the entity are the fans; and I am sure the majority would tell you the names they sing on the terraces are the biggest asset of the club. Again, take David Beckham as an example. In 1999 he was part of a team who won three major competitions including the UEFA Champions League, playing in 31 games and scoring six goals (National Football teams,2004); yet he is not included on the balance sheet. Looking at the financial statements of Arsenal Holdings Plc it shows no football player as an asset in the balance sheet. It seems foolish not to include an individual as it is a way to show off the competent employees the entity has, to potential investors. The transferShow MoreRelatedAdjusting Entries14033 Words   |  57 Pagescritical thinking skills in accounting by allowing them to determine if various correcting entries should be made, and what the effects of those transactions will be on the company’s financial statements. Second, the case improves students’ ability to evaluate ethical consequences by introducing them to conflicting incentives regarding those corrections: the obligation to provide investors with high-quality financial statements that fairly present the company’s financial position versus the pressure toRead MoreWaste Management33554 Words   |  135 Pagesbankruptcy in 2002 later claimed the record). ÂÆ'ÂÆ' Enron engaged in very aggre ssive accounting approaches, including the establishment of special purpose entities (SPEs), the intent of which appears to have been simply to move debt off the company’s balance sheet and enhance profits. ÂÆ'ÂÆ' Enron began as a natural gas pipeline company, when Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth of Omaha, Nebraska merged in 1985. The company eventually morphed into a speculative energy and commodity trading company, often actingRead MoreTeaching Notes Robert Grant - Strategy 4th Edition51665 Words   |  207 Pagesstudents in the positions of senior managers. However, probably the most important learning comes from the understanding that students gain of the strategic circumstances of companies and the rationale for the strategies that they adopt. †¢ Our aim in developing these cases has been to reconcile richness and brevity. By focusing the case around a limited number of issues, we have attempted to keep the cases down to less than 25 pages, including all table s and exhibits. 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The selection of topics has also been inï ¬â€šuenced by my experiences in developing and delivering professional training courses with Mark Broadie, often in collaboration with Leif Andersen and Phelim Boyle. The opportunity to discuss the use of Monte Carlo methods in the derivatives industry with practitioners and colleagues has Read MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesLeadership and Strategic Change The Practice of Strategy Pages 30 37 47 59 69 79 88 99 108 115 122 132 144 150 162 Case Teaching Notes The LEGO Group: Working with Strategy The Global Pharmaceutical Industry: Swallowing a Bitter Pill Vodafone: Developing a Total Communications Strategy in the UK Market European Tour Operators: Confronting Competition in the Tourism Industry Evolution and Revolution in the Hi-Fi Sector Amazon.com ï £ ©2007 - Early 2009 The Formula 1 Constructors Web Reservations International:Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManaging Change 121 121 147 147 Text 3. Why Organizations Change Text Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 14. Initiating Change 174 174 Text iii Cases 221 221 225 The Consolidated Life Case: Caught Between Corporate Cultures Who’s in Charge? (The)(Jim)(Davis)(Case) Morin−Jarrell †¢ Driving Shareholder Value I. Valuation 229 229 253 279 1. The Value−Based Management Framework: An Overview 2. Why Value Value? 4. 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Compare a picture and a phograph Free Essays

What is similar and what is different about paintings and photographs? Write an essay for your teacher, in which you compare and contrast paintings and photographs. Be sure to write about your ideas in detail. Paintings and photographs share many similarities, but they are also different. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare a picture and a phograph or any similar topic only for you Order Now I’m sure that Anne Geodes, the famous photographer of babies, may have a completely different view of her subjects than Leonardo ad Vulcan had of Mona Lisa. Still, both ways of producing pictures can have Incredible results. Photographs and paintings are alike In many ways. First of all, both amateurs and professionals can make them. Professional photographers often create breathtaking images, and collectors will pay a high price to display such works in their homes. On the other hand, an amateur with a camera can simply point and click. Before you know it, the person fills photo album after photo album with exciting shots of family and friends. Similarly, a famous painter may spend years developing his or her unique style and finally become famous. Even though most amateurs will never be famous, they still can have fun with oils or watercolors. They will enjoy expressing themselves and giving their paintings away as gifts. It Is wonderful that both forms of art can be enjoyed by many people. Also, both photographers and painters can fix mistakes. Photographers Copyright C) Houghton Mellon Company. All rights reserved. Can change images by airbrushing and by the way they develop film. For example, photographs of fashion models are sometimes airbrushed to make the models look flawless. A photographer can also develop a photo to look shadowy or bright. Likewise, painters can paint over an error or even scrape off certain kinds of paint. Though both types of artists aim for perfection, they might not reach it on the first try. Despite these similarities, photographs and paintings defer. For one thing, they require different equipment and materials. To create a painting, you need paint, brushes, and canvas or paper. Some artists also use a pencil to make a sketch before they apply paint. Photographers, on the other hand, need a camera and film. Professional photographers use different lenses and cameras for different kinds of photographs. They may also have Grade 8 Blacking Master (continued) darkroom equipment to develop their own photos. As you can see, the two types of strictures are made with very different tools. Last of all, photographers and painters make different use of time as they work. Photographers must capture an image in a split second. Even if they take several shots of one scene or object, each is made in a snap. Painters, however, have a choice. They can work very quickly or spend years perfecting Just one painting. As you can see, paintings and photographs are both similar and different. I have both in my home, and I appreciate the work done by the artists who Copyright Houghton Muffling Company. All rights reserved. Made them. These images have added a lot to my life. How to cite Compare a picture and a phograph, Papers

Urban transportation alternati Essay Example For Students

Urban transportation alternati Essay Recently I went on an adventure around Europe and visited three major cities: Paris; Amsterdam; and Berlin. Throughout my travels I used many different forms of transport to get around including trains, buses, cars, ferries, and my own two feet. It was such a central theme to my adventure that I decided to research transportation within urban areas for this report. It has long been a challenge to human kind to get from point A to point B. In the early days of humanity, people were limited to there feet. With the advent of the wheel, transportation became faster and saved time, therefore leaving more time for other activities. It also enabled people to go much greater distances. However, for many hundreds of years people were limited by how fast their horse could pull them, how fast their feet could peddle or how swiftly the current of the river could push them. At the end of last century human beings overcame this limitation with the development of the combustion engine and motorised transportation which enable them to go faster as well as further. Trains, planes, automobiles, space vehicles and many variations of each of these bring human beings to every corner of the world and beyond. However, motorised transportation is not only used in long distance travel, most automobile transportation takes place within urban and suburban centres. As the rate of urbanisation increased over the last century, so did the use of automobiles. Now there are more than 540 million automobiles on the roads of the world with most of these being in the developed countries 1 . Unfortunately cars cause problems, especially when there are many cars in one area such as an urban centre. These problems include, air pollution, noise pollution, and traffic congestion to name but a few. To solve these problems there must be a shift away from car-focussed urban centres and an increase in car alternatives such as bicycles and public transportation. An understanding of the current social and e nvironmental problems in regards to cars must be achieved before feasible solutions can be offered. Cars have become a common luxury in modern cities throughout the world. Being a vehicle of convenience and status, improving economies have made it possible for families to own 2 or more cars. Within cities many people view owning a car as essential. With busy modern lifestyles, a need for conserving time and getting around faster makes the car a handy tool. As well, many people living in the suburbs make a daily commute into the city for work. This supports the statistic that 95% of all car trips in North America are less than 105 miles . Another interesting statistic shows that in 1985, the total number of miles driven in western industrialised nations was 2 trillion miles (approximately a light year) . With all this traffic many problems arise such as air pollution, noise pollution, and traffic congestion and accidents. The combustion engine, developed at the end of the 19th century, uses fossil fuels to drive its motor. This engine is present in almost every modern day vehicle including airplanes, automobiles, trains, and boats. Unfortunately the burning of fossil fuels is not a clean technology. Many different pollutants are released from these vehicles when used. As well, fossil fuels are a non-renewable resource. Due in large part to the high amount of vehicular traffic in urban centres, air pollution is greatest here. Air pollution has a negative impact on many things such as human health, damage to buildings and other structures, and harms crops and vegetation in the surrounding area . There are a few main classes of pollutants that are mainly emitted by the transport sector. The first of these is carbon oxides (both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide). The production of carbon monoxide comes from the incomplete burning of fossil fuels and exacerbates and causes many different diseases. Up to 90% of carbon monoxide emissions from non-natural origin come from the transport sector . Catalytic converters have helped to stabilise the emissions of carbon monoxide throughout the world . Carbon dioxide is responsible for a smaller amount of car emissions. However it is the main greenhouse gas and may be contributing to global warming . Nitrogen oxides are another significant air pollutant from automobiles. In many areas nitrogen oxides are above the stated limit, which is having major impacts on human health and the environment. They are known to cause respiratory problems in humans as well as cause acid rain, which can disrupt sensitive ecosystems . Another major air pollutant is particulates. This suspended particulate matter can be in either solid or liquid form, and includes soil, soot, smoke, metals, salts, acids and pesticides . Particulates are responsible for many respiratory problems, and depending on the composition may be toxic or carcinogenic. High particle levels c an also be responsible for the general dirtiness of the surrounding environment . Other pollutants are also emitted which have negative effects on health and the environment. Overall it is the high amount of emissions from cars in a city that make urban air pollution a large problem. Another form of pollution caused by vehicles is noise pollution. Although it does not seem as consequential as air pollution, noise pollution in urban areas is actually having a great impact on human health in the form of stress induced illnesses . Another major problem with the high density of cars in the cities is traffic congestion. The large number of cars can make it difficult and slow to manoeuvre around the city extending travel time. It has been shown that driving in slow moving traffic on a regular basis increases blood pressure . Another downfall of car centred cities is land use. In an average American city approximately 40% of the land is used for roads, parking lots and alleyways . Cars are also responsible for approximately a quarter of a million deaths world wide per year which make them seem not as much the lovely convenience machines that we have come to rely upon so heavily, but rather deadly machines that are killing us both slowly and quickly. It is important at this time to look at possible alternatives or solutions to the car problem of the modern world, particularly in urban centres. The Strange Utopia of The Giver Givers Essay Haughton G. Hunter C. 1994. Sustainable Cities. London Bristol, Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Pp. 143. Ecological City (The) Swedish Report to the OECD. 1995. Karlskrona. The National Board of Housing, Building and Planning. Pp. 30. Blowers A. (ed.) 1993. Planning for a Sustainable Environment. A Report by the Town and Country Planning Association. London, Town and Country Planning Association. Pp. 113. Haughton G. Hunter C. 1994. Sustainable Cities. London Bristol, Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Pp. 138 Haughton G. Hunter C. 1994. Sustainable Cities. London Bristol, Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Pp. 145. Haughton G. Hunter C. 1994. Sustainable Cities. London Bristol, Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Pp. 139. Haughton G. Hunter C. 1994. Sustainable Cities. London Bristol, Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Pp. 156. Worldwatch Institute, http://www.bikeroute.com/Trivia.htm New Transportation Vision, http://www.bikeroute.com/Trivia.htm Worldwatch Institute, http://www.bikeroute.com/Trivia.htm Haughton G. Hunter C. 1994. Sustainable Cities. London Bristol, Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Pp. 97. Worldwatch Institute, http://www.bikeroute.com/Trivia.htm http://www.honda.com